First Thanksgiving Red Eyes Invisibility of Racism excerpted from the book Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong by James W. Loewen. First Thanksgiving,Red Eyes,Invisibility of Racismexcerpted from the book. Lies My Teacher Told Meby James W. Loewen. Touchstone Books, 1. Michael Dorris. Considering that virtually none of the standard fare surrounding. Thanksgiving contains an ounce of authenticity, historical accuracy. Title: Within Our Gates (1920) 6.3 /10. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Annette Hanshaw (October 18, 1901 - March 13, 1985) was one of the first great female jazz singers Of the 1920's and 1930's.
They conquered it by waging. The scarcity of disease in the Americas was also partly attributable. Residents. of northern Europe and England rarely bathed, believing it unhealthy. The Pilgrims smelled bad to the Indians. Ironically, their very health. Europeans. and Africans would bring to them. In 1. 61. 7, just before the Pilgrims landed. New England. For decades, British. French fishermen had fished off the Massachusetts coast. After. filling their hulls with cod, they would go ashore to lay in firewood. Indians to sell into. Europe. It is likely that these fishermen transmitted. The plague that ensued made. Black Death pale by comparison. Some historians think the. Within three years the plague wiped out. New England. The Indian societies lay devastated. Unable to cope with so many corpses, the survivors. Howard Simpson describes. Pilgrims saw: . The ground was strewn with the skulls. Indians who had died and none was. European Americans also contracted smallpox and the. The impact of the epidemics on. The English Separatists, already. God was on their side. John Winthrop. governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, called the plague . So as God hath thereby cleared our. God the. Original Real Estate Agent! Many Indians likewise inferred that their. Robert Cushman reported that . Indian. healers could supply no cure; their medicines and herbs offered. Their religion provided no explanation. That of the. whites did. Like the Europeans three centuries before them, many. Indians surrendered to alcohol, converted to Christianity, or. These epidemics probably constituted the. For example. William Bradford described how the Dutch, rivals of Plymouth. Indian village in Connecticut to trade. On the opposite coast, the Native population of California. Spanish- borne diseases) to 3. Ashburn in 1. 94. Most. current estimates of the precontact population of the United States. Canada range from ten to twenty million. After contact with Europeans and Africans, Indian societies changed. Native Americans took into their cultures not only guns. Christianity. Most American history textbooks tell. Plains Indians. Eight. I surveyed mention the rapid efflorescence. Spaniards introduced the horse. American West. It is an exhilarating example of syncretism- blending. The transformation in the Plains cultures. An even. more profound metamorphosis occurred as Europeans linked Native. Yet textbooks make no. The process seems inevitable, hence perhaps. Europeans took over. America. In Atlantic North America, members of. Indian nations possessed a variety of sophisticated skills, from. At first, Native. Americans traded corn, beaver, fish, sassafras, and other goods. French, Dutch, and British, in return for axes, blankets. Soon, however, Europeans persuaded. Natives to specialize in the fur and slave trades. Native Americans. Europeans, and with the. Europeans sold them, they became better still. Other. Native skills began to atrophy. Why spend hours making a watertight. Even agriculture, which the Native Americans. Europeans, declined, because it became easier. Everyone acted in rational. Native Americans. Some of the rapid changes in eastern Indian. When the Iroquois combined European. Native American tactics to smash the Hurons, they controlled. European culture. Native Americans. Native Americans also became well known. European languages (French, English. Dutch, or Spanish) and at least two Indian languages. British. colonists sometimes used Natives as interpreters when dealing. Spanish or French, not just with other Native American. These developments were not all matters. Natives were operating under a military and cultural. They quickly deduced that European guns. Europeans soon. realized that trade goods could be used to win and maintain political. Indian nations. To deal with the new threat and. Chiefs acquired power they had never. These governments often ruled unprecedentedly broad. Large nations became ethnic melting pots, taking in. Indians. New confederations. Creeks, Seminoles, and Lumbees. Suddenly some nations had a great. The result was an escalation of. Indian warfare. Native nations had engaged in conflict before. Europeans came, of course. Tribes rarely fought to the finish. Some tribes did not want to take over the lands belonging. Now all. this changed. European powers deliberately increased Indian warfare. The Spanish, for example. Aztecs in Mexico. Now they did the same in North. America. For many tribes the motive for the increased. Indians to sell to the Europeans. As northern tribes specialized in fur. Some Native Americans. Europeans arrived. Now Europeans. vastly expanded Indian slavery. Colonists in South Carolina paid. Indian nations in guns, ammunition, and other goods, which. Arkansas. p. 10. 5The Europeans' enslavement of Native Americans has a long history. A 1. 73. 0 census of South. Kingston, Rhode Island, showed 9. African slaves. and 2. Native American slaves. The center of Native American slavery. African American slavery, was South Carolina. Its population. in 1. African slaves, 1,4. Indian slaves, and 1. From Carolina, as. New England, colonists sent Indian slaves (who might escape). West Indies (where they could never escape), in exchange. Charleston shipped more than 1. Natives. in chains to the West Indies in one year! Further west, so many. Pawnee Indians were sold to whites that Pawnee became the name. Indian. or African origin. On the West Coast, Pierson Reading, a manager. John Sutter's huge grant of Indian land in central California. To avoid being targets for capture, Indians. Ultimately, they had to trade with Europeans even. As Europeans learned from Natives what to grow and how. Indians and Indian. Indians became more dependent upon Europeans. European technology. Thus what worked for the Native Americans. In the long. run, it was Indians who were enslaved, Indians who died, Indian. Indian cultures that fell apart. By. the time the pitiful remnant of the Massachuset tribe converted. Christianity and joined the Puritans' . What did whites find so alluring? According to Benjamin. Franklin, . Frontiersmen. Native Americans enjoyed freedom. Women were also accorded more status and power. Native societies than in white societies of the time. Although. leadership was substantially hereditary in some nations, most. Indian societies north of Mexico were much more democratic than. Spain, France, or even England in the seventeenth and eighteenth. Cadwallader Colden of New York in 1. We have seen how. Native ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality found their. Europe to influence social philosophers such as Thomas. More, Locke, Montaigne, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. These European. thinkers then influenced Americans such as Franklin, Jefferson. Madison. In recent years historians have debated whether Indian. Through. 1. 50 years of colonial contact, the Iroquois League stood before. Colden find an echo. Declaration of Independence fifty years later. In the 1. 74. 0s the Iroquois wearied of dealing. English colonies and suggested that. In 1. 75. 4 Benjamin. Franklin, who had spent much time among the Iroquois observing. Albany Plan of Union: . But it. was a forerunner of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. In 1. 77. 5 Congress. Iroquois, signed by John Hancock, that. Iroquois advice from 1. Until the end of the nineteenth century. Our graceful antebellum homes. North as well as in the South, were built largely by slaves. Black- white. relations became the central issue in the Civil War, which killed. Americans as died in all our other wars combined. Studs Terkel is right. In each. of the last two centuries America's most popular novel was set. Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Gone. Wind by Margaret Mitchell. The two books tell very different. Uncle Toms Cabin presents slavery as an evil to be opposed. Gone with the Wind suggests that slavery was an ideal social. Until the civil rights. American history textbooks in this century pretty much. Mitchell. p. 14. 2Americans seem perpetually startled at slavery. Children are shocked. I to learn that George Washington and Thomas Jefferson owned slaves. Very few adults today realize that our society. Even fewer know. that slavery was important in the North, too, until after the. Revolutionary War. The first colony to legalize slavery was not. Virginia but Massachusetts. In 1. 72. 0, of New York City's population. African Americans, most of them. Wall Street was the marketplace where owners could hire. Certainly the Founding Fathers never created one. Nevertheless almost half of the signers of the Declaration. Independence were slaveowners. In real life the Founding Fathers and. Textbooks canonize Patrick Henry. Henry wrestled with the contradiction, exclaiming. Henry's understanding of the discrepancy. Throughout the Revolutionary period he. Virginia planters, he freed not a one. Nevertheless Triumph. American Nation quotes Henry calling slavery . American history textbooks use. Jefferson's. assertion that everyone has an equal right to . Jefferson's slaveholding. Nonetheless, half of our textbooks. Jefferson owned slaves. Life and Liberty offers. Jefferson, revealing that he was. Liberty says nothing about Jefferson and slavery, however. The. Challenge of Freedom mentions Jefferson on sixteen different pages. Textbooks stress that Jefferson was a humane master, privately. In truth, by 1. 82. Jefferson. has become an ardent advocate of the expansion of slavery to the. And he never let his ambivalence about slavery. Jefferson was an average master who had. Deep South as examples, to. By 1. 82. 2, Jefferson owned 2. Well, what were those times? Certainly. most white Americans in the 1.
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